IoT System for Residential Energy Monitoring and Management: Design and Implementation

Juan Diego Martínez-Morocho; Fabián Cuzme-Rodríguez; Hernán Mauricio Domínguez-Limaico

doi:10.5753/jbcs.2026.6008

Authors

Juan Diego Martínez-Morocho Universidad Técnica del Norte https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6955-6941
Fabián Cuzme-Rodríguez Universidad Técnica del Norte https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-0240
Hernán Mauricio Domínguez-Limaico Universidad Técnica del Norte https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6302-3419

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.6008

Keywords:

Internet of Things (IoT), energy management, smart homes, residential electricity consumption, cloud computing

Abstract

This study addresses the lack of integrated, secure, and scalable Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) that combine appliance-level and circuit-level control while providing pilot-scale statistical analysis of energy savings under real-world conditions. We design and deploy a cloud-enabled IoT-based HEMS using ESP32 microcontrollers and PZEM-004T sensors, integrated through MQTT and Home Assistant on AWS. The system was evaluated in two residential households over several months. Compared with related work, the proposed solution integrates circuit-level actuation at the electrical distribution board, vendor-agnostic interoperability through Home Assistant, and a secure end-to-end data pipeline based on TLS encryption and broker-level authorization. In this pilot-scale evaluation (N=2), we observed a 9–10% reduction in monthly residential electricity consumption (p < 0.05), with a 95% confidence level, within the monitored households. An illustrative difference-in-differences (DiD) estimator suggests an additional reduction of 3.17 kWh/month under a single treated–control pairing. Measurement accuracy remained below 3% relative error when compared with official utility bills. These findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence and technical validation rather than generalizable proof of population-wide energy savings. Overall, the proposed HEMS constitutes a reproducible reference implementation for secure monitoring and control, demonstrating its feasibility and potential for residential energy optimization in pilot-scale deployments.

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