A survey on XR visuo-haptic illusions using real-virtual proxy pairing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.7542Keywords:
Visuo-Haptic Illusion, Real-Virtual Proxy Pairing, Extended Reality, ImmersionAbstract
Real-virtual object pairing is a central strategy for enabling convincing visuo-haptic experiences in Extended Reality (XR), allowing users to touch and manipulate physical proxies while perceiving aligned virtual counterparts. This paper presents a systematic review of XR systems that pair real and virtual objects to support tangible interaction, passive and encountered haptics, and illusion-based remapping. We organize the literature around three guiding questions: which pairing solutions and archetypes are used to achieve real-virtual alignment, how technological advances in head-mounted displays, sensing, and software pipelines shape these solutions over time, and what open challenges and future directions remain for scalable, robust deployments. Across the included studies, we synthesize recurring solution patterns, such as one-to-one tracked proxies, proxy reuse via retargeting and reset strategies, dynamic redirection for safe contact, and approaches that reduce or exploit mismatch through perceptual manipulations. We further consolidate reported challenges into cross-cutting categories (e.g., misalignment, tracking and latency issues, hardware and safety limitations, ergonomics, cybersickness, and experimental setup constraints), highlighting the persistent engineering and methodological barriers that limit generalization beyond controlled settings. Finally, we summarize the experimental landscape using a participant-tier matrix, covering 74 experiments and emphasizing the dominance of small-to-medium participant evaluations. Based on these findings, we outline actionable research directions toward perception-aware co-registration, standardized reporting and benchmarking, safer dynamic/robot-mediated pairing, and authoring tools that scale pairing to complex, multi-object XR scenarios.
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Copyright (c) 2026 David Ohara, Marina Holanda Kunst, Carlos Gabriel Bezerra Pereira, Fátima de Lourdes dos Santos Nunes Marques, João Marcelo Teixeira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
