Combining Fog and Cloud Computing to Support Spatial Analytics in Smart Cities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/jidm.2021.1798Keywords:
cloud computing, fog computing, internet of things, parallel and distributed data processing, smart cities, spatial analytics, spatial data warehouseAbstract
Spatial data generated by an Internet of Things (IoT) network is important to assist the spatial analytics process in issues related to smart cities. In these cities, IoT devices generate spatial data constantly. Thus, data can get increasingly voluminous very fast. In this paper, we investigate the challenge of managing these data through the use of a spatial data warehouse designed over a parallel and distributed data processing framework extended with a spatial analytics system. We propose an architecture aimed to assist a smart cities manager in the decision-making process. This architecture integrates a cloud layer where these technologies are located with a fog computing layer for extracting, transforming and loading the data into the spatial data warehouse. Furthermore, we introduce a set of guidelines to aid smart cities managers to implement the proposed architecture. These guidelines describe and discuss important issues that should be faced by the managers. We validate our architecture with a case study that uses real data collected by IoT devices in a smart city. This case study encompasses the execution of three different categories of spatial queries, demonstrating the architecture's efficacy and effectiveness to support spatial analytics in the context of smart cities.
Downloads
References
Al-Ali, A. R., Zualkernan, I. A., Rashid, M., Gupta, R., and Alikarar, M. A smart home energy management system using IoT and big data analytics approach. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 63 (4): 426–434, 11, 2017.
Alablani, I. and Alenazi, M. EDTD-SC: An IoT Sensor Deployment Strategy for Smart Cities. Sensors 20 (24): 7191, 12, 2020.
Ali, M. I., Gao, F., and Mileo, A. CityBench: A configurable benchmark to evaluate RSP engines using smart city datasets. In Arenas M. et al. (eds) The Semantic Web - ISWC 2015. ISWC 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9367. Springer, Bethlehem, PA, USA, pp. 374–389, 2015.
Ali, S. M. F. and Wrembel, R. From conceptual design to performance optimization of ETL workflows: current state of research and open problems. VLDB Journal 26 (6): 777–801, 12, 2017.
Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., and Müller, I. An Analysis of the Cloud Computing Security Problem. In Proceedings of the APSEC 2010 Cloud Workshop. APSEC, Sydney, 2010.
Atzori, L., Iera, A., and Morabito, G. Understanding the Internet of Things: definition, potentials, and societal role of a fast evolving paradigm. Ad Hoc Networks vol. 56, pp. 122–140, 3, 2017.
Balani, Z. and Varol, H. Cloud Computing Security Challenges and Threats. In 8th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security, ISDFS 2020. IEEE, Beirut, Lebanon, 2020.
Bansal, M., Chana, I., and Clarke, S. A Survey on IoT Big Data. ACM Computing Surveys 53 (6): 1–59, 2, 2021.
Bellavista, P. and Zanni, A. Feasibility of fog computing deployment based on docker containerization over RaspberryPi. In ICDCN ’17: 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1–10, 2017.
Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Natarajan, P., and Zhu, J. Fog computing: A platform for internet of things and analytics. Studies in Computational Intelligence vol. 546, pp. 169–186, 2014.
Brinkhoff, T., Kriegel, H. P., Schneider, R., and Seeger, B. Multi-Step Processing of Spatial Joins. ACM SIGMOD Record 23 (2): 197–208, 5, 1994.
Castro, J. P., Carniel, A., and Ciferri, C. Analyzing spatial analytics systems based on Hadoop and Spark: A user perspective. Software: Practice and Experience 50 (12): 2121–2144, 12, 2020.
Chen, M., Mao, S., and Liu, Y. Big data: A survey. Mobile Networks and Applications 19 (2): 171–209, 1, 2014.
Diaconita, V., Bologa, A. R., and Bologa, R. Hadoop oriented smart cities architecture. Sensors (Switzerland) 18 (4): 1–20, 4, 2018.
Egenhofer, M. J. A formal definition of binary topological relationships. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). Vol. 367 LNCS. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 457–472, 1989.
El-Sappagh, S. H. A., Hendawi, A. M. A., and El Bastawissy, A. H. A proposed model for data warehouse ETL processes. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 23 (2): 91–104, 7, 2011.
Eldrandaly, K. A., Abdel-Basset, M., and Shawky, L. A. Internet of Spatial Things: A New Reference Model With Insight Analysis. IEEE Access vol. 7, pp. 19653–19669, 2019.
Fraga, E. and Queirolo, G. Crescimento populacional fará mundo mudar de cara até 2100. https://folha.com/ne67804j, 2018. [Online; access sep. 20].
Gaede, V. and Günther, O. Multidimensional access methods. ACM Computing Surveys 30 (2): 170–231, 6, 1998.
Han, J., Stefanovic, N., and Koperski, K. Selective materialization: An efficient method for spatial data cube construction. In LNCS. Vol. 1394. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 144–158, 1998.
Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., and Raman, K. R. Smart cities: Advances in research—An information systems perspective. International Journal of Information Management vol. 47, pp. 88–100, 2019.
Javadzadeh, G. and Rahmani, A. M. Fog Computing Applications in Smart Cities: A Systematic Survey. Wireless Networks 26 (2): 1433–1457, 2, 2020.
Kimball, R., Ross, M., Thornthwaite, W., Mundy, J., and Becker, B. The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit. Vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ, 2011.
Kumar, K., Kumar, N., and Shah, R. Role of IoT to avoid spreading of COVID-19. International Journal of Intelligent Networks vol. 1, pp. 32–35, 2020.
Lopes, C. C., Cesário-Times, V., Matwin, S., Ciferri, C. D. d. A., and Ciferri, R. R. An Encryption Methodology for Enabling the Use of Data Warehouses on the Cloud. In Research Anthology on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Security. IGI Global, Hershey, PA, USA, pp. 528–559, 2021.
Mateus, R. C., Siqueira, T. L. L., Times, V. C., Ciferri, R. R., and Ciferri, C. D. A. Spatial data warehouses and spatial OLAP come towards the cloud: design and performance. Distributed and Parallel Databases 34 (3): 425–461, 9, 2016.
Medvedev, A., Zaslavsky, A., Santiago, M. I., Haghighi, P. D., and Hassani, A. Storing and indexing IoT context for smart city applications. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). Vol. 9870 LNCS. Springer Verlag, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 115–128, 2016.
Ni, J., Zhang, K., Lin, X., and Shen, X. S. Securing Fog Computing for Internet of Things Applications: Challenges and Solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 20 (1): 601–628, 1, 2018.
Pandey, V., Kipf, A., Neumann, T., and Kemper, A. How good are modern spatial analytics systems? Proc. VLDB Endow. 11 (11): 1661–1673, July, 2018.
Patel, K. K. and Patel, S. M. Internet of Things-IOT: Definition, Characteristics, Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Application & Future Challenges. IJSR 6 (5): 6122–6132, 2016.
Peng, G. C. A., Nunes, M. B., and Zheng, L. Impacts of low citizen awareness and usage in smart city services: the case of London’s smart parking system. Information Systems and e-Business Management 15 (4): 845–876, 11, 2017.
Pérez de Prado, R., García-Galán, S., Muñoz-Expósito, J. E., Marchewka, A., and Ruiz-Reyes, N. Smart Containers Schedulers for Microservices Provision in Cloud-Fog-IoT Networks. Challenges and Opportunities. Sensors 20 (6): 1714, 3, 2020.
Puthal, D., Mohanty, S. P., Bhavake, S. A., Morgan, G., and Ranjan, R. Fog Computing Security Challenges and Future Directions [Energy and Security]. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 8 (3): 92–96, 5, 2019.
Rahman, A., Ermatita, and Budianta, D. Data Warehouse Design for Soil Nutrients with IoT Based Data Sources. In Proceedings - 1st International Conference on Informatics, Multimedia, Cyber and Information System, ICIMCIS 2019. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Jakarta, Indonesia, Indonesia, pp. 181–186, 2019.
Ramaswami, A., Russell, A. G., Culligan, P. J., Sharma, K. R., and Kumar, E. Meta-principles for developing smart, sustainable, and healthy cities. Science (New York, N.Y.) 352 (6288): 940–3, 5, 2016.
Rauf, A., Shaikh, R. A., and Shah, A. Security and privacy for IoT and fog computing paradigm. In 2018 15th Learning and Technology Conference, L and T 2018. IEEE, Jeddah, KSA, pp. 96–101, 2018.
Rivest, S., Bédard, Y., and Marchand, P. Toward better support for spatial decision making: defining the characteristics of Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP). Geomatica 55 (4): 539–555, 2001.
Sadalage, P. J. and Fowler, M. NoSQL Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Emerging World of Polyglot Persistence. Addison-Wesley Professional, Chicago, IL, USA, 2012.
Santos, J. P. C., Castro, J. P. d. C., and Ciferri, C. D. d. A. SOLAP Query Processing over IoT Networks in Smart Cities: A Novel Architecture. In Anais do XXI GeoInfo - Simpósio Brasileiro de Geoinformática. INPE, São José dos Campos, Brazil, pp. 118–129, 2020.
Shi, W. and Dustdar, S. The Promise of Edge Computing. Computer 49 (5): 78–81, 5, 2016.
Shvachko, K., Kuang, H., Radia, S., and Chansler, R. The Hadoop Distributed File System. In 2010 IEEE 26th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST). IEEE, Incline Village, NV, USA, pp. 1–10, 2010.
Silva, B. N., Khan, M., and Han, K. Integration of Big Data analytics embedded smart city architecture with RESTful web of things for efficient service provision and energy management. Future Generation Computer Systems vol. 107, pp. 975–987, 6, 2020.
Singh, S., Jeong, Y. S., and Park, J. H. A survey on cloud computing security: Issues, threats, and solutions. Journal of Network and Computer Applications vol. 75, pp. 200–222, 11, 2016.
Vaisman, A. and Zimnyi, E. Data Warehouse Systems: Design and Implementation. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.
Xu, Q. and Zhang, J. PiFogBed: A Fog Computing Testbed Based on Raspberry Pi. In 2019 IEEE IPCCC. IEEE, London, United Kingdom, 2019.
Yang, S. IoT Stream Processing and Analytics in the Fog. IEEE Communications Magazine 55 (8): 21–27, 2017.
Yeh, H. The effects of successful ICT-based smart city services: From citizens’ perspectives. Government Information Quarterly 34 (3): 556–565, 9, 2017.
Yu, J., Zhang, Z., and Sarwat, M. Spatial data management in apache spark: the geospark perspective and beyond. GeoInformatica 23 (1): 37–78, 2019.
Yuan, L. and Zhao, J. Construction of the system framework of Spatial Data Warehouse in Internet of Things environments. In 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Advanced Computational Intelligence (ICACI). IEEE, Nanjing, China, pp. 54–58, 2012.
Zaharia, M., Franklin, M. J., Ghodsi, A., Gonzalez, J., Shenker, S., Stoica, I., Xin, R. S., Wendell, P., Das, T., Armbrust, M., Dave, A., Meng, X., Rosen, J., and Venkataraman, S. Apache Spark. Communications of the ACM 59 (11): 56–65, 10, 2016.
Zhang, H., Babar, M., Tariq, M. U., Jan, M. A., Menon, V. G., and Li, X. SafeCity: Toward Safe and Secured Data Management Design for IoT-Enabled Smart City Planning. IEEE Access vol. 8, pp. 145256–145267, 2020.
