Exploring Team Knowledge in Software Engineering: A Multiple Case Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/isys.2019.783Keywords:
Teamwork, Team Knowledge, Software teamAbstract
Context: Teamwork involves cognitive processes also called Team Knowledge (TK). However, the understanding of TK at software development context is still limited. Objective: Therefore, this work seeks to investigate the impacts of the different types of team knowledge in Software Engineering and which team knowledge is promoted by practices like ownership of shared code and daily meeting. Methodology: 30 semi-structured interviews and observations were carried out. Data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. Results: In the context investigated, were found 13 factors affected by team knowledge and what are the knowledge in teams promoted by shared code ownership (4 TK) and daily meeting (5 TK).
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References
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the identity of software team members. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, v. 16, n. 2, p. 219-237, 2005. [GS Search]
MARUPING, Likoebe M.; ZHANG, Xiaojun; VENKATESH, Viswanath. Role of
collective ownership and coding standards in coordinating expertise in software
project teams. European Journal of Information Systems, v. 18, n. 4, p. 355-371, 2009.
[GS Search]
MATHIEU, John E. et al. The influence of shared mental models on team process and
performance. Journal of applied psychology, v. 85, n. 2, p. 273, 2000. [GS Search]
MATHIEU, John et al. Team effectiveness 1997-2007: A review of recent advancements
and a glimpse into the future. Journal of management, v. 34, n. 3, p. 410-476, 2008.
[GS Search]
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expertise location. In: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer
supported cooperative work. ACM, 1998. p. 315-324. [GS Search]
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. Acesso em: 8 jun. 2017.
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influence of personality and identifying as team members. European Journal of
Engineering Education, v. 40, n. 1, p. 52-67, 2015. [GS Search]
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the innovation process: The central role of shared vision in product and process
iSys: Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação (iSys: Brazilian Journal of Information Systems)
http://seer.unirio.br/index.php/isys/
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SANTOS, Catarina Marques; UITDEWILLIGEN, Sjir; PASSOS, Ana Margarida. Why
is Your Team More Creative Than Mine? The Influence of Shared Mental Models on
Intra- group Conflict, Team Creativity and Effectiveness. Creativity and Innovation
Management, v. 24, n. 4, p. 645-658, 2015. [GS Search]
SEDANO, Todd; RALPH, Paul; PÉRAIRE, Cécile. Sustainable software development
through overlapping pair rotation. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE
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creativity and financial performance of organizational teams. Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes, v. 118, n. 1, p. 4-13, 2012. [GS Search]
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group norms. IEEE software, v. 29, n. 4, p. 53-58, 2012. [GS Search]
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needs. Human Factors, v. 54, n. 1, p. 84-111, 2012. [GS Search]
WILDMAN, Jessica L.; SALAS, Eduardo; SCOTT, Charles PR. Measuring cognition in
teams: A cross-domain review. Human factors, v. 56, n. 5, p. 911-941, 2014. [GS
Search]
YANG, Hee-Dong; KANG, Hye-Ryun; MASON, Robert M. An exploratory study on
meta skills in software development teams: Antecedent cooperation skills and
personality for shared mental models. European Journal of Information Systems, v.
17, n. 1, p. 47-61, 2008. [GS Search]
YIN, Robert K. Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage
publications, 2017.
Disponivel em: . Acesso 25/07/2018.
AUBÉ, Caroline; ROUSSEAU, Vincent; TREMBLAY, Sébastien. Perceived shared
understanding in teams: The motivational effect of being ‘on the same page’. British
Journal of Psychology, v. 106, n. 3, p. 468-486, 2015. [GS Search]
BALIJEPALLY, VenuGopal; NERUR, Sridhar P.; MAHAPATRA, RadhaKanta. Task
Mental Model and Software Developers' Performance: An Experimental
Investigation. CAIS, v. 36, p. 4, 2015. [GS Search]
BASS, Julian M. How product owner teams scale agile methods to large distributed
enterprises. Empirical Software Engineering, v. 20, n. 6, p. 1525-1557, 2015. [GS
Search]
CANFORA, Gerardo et al. Evaluating performances of pair designing in industry. Journal
of Systems and Software, v. 80, n. 8, p. 1317-1327, 2007. [GS Search]
CHANG, Kuo-chung et al. Knowledge contribution in information system development
teams: An empirical research from a social cognitive perspective. International Journal
of Project Management, v. 31, n. 2, p. 252-263, 2013. [GS Search]
CHEN, Xiaogang et al. Knowledge sharing in open source software project teams: A
transactive memory system perspective. International Journal of Information
Management, v. 33, n. 3, p. 553-563, 2013. [GS Search]
CHOI, Sue Young; LEE, Heeseok; YOO, Youngjin. The impact of information
technology and transactive memory systems on knowledge sharing, application, and
team performance: a field study. MIS quarterly, p. 855-870, 2010. [GS Search]
Cockburn and J. Highsmith, "Agile software development: The people factor," IEEE
Computer, vol. 34, pp. 131-133, November 2001 2001[GS Search]
COHEN, Jason F. Contextual determinants and performance implications of information
systems strategy planning within South African firms. Information & Management, v.
45, n. 8, p. 547-555, 2008. [GS Search]
COOKE, Nancy J. et al. Team cognition. Handbook of applied cognition, v. 2, p. 239-
268, 2007. [GS Search]
COOKE, Nancy J. et al.. Advances in measuring team cognition. Team cognition:
Understanding the factors that drive process and performance, p. 83-106, 2004. [GS
Search]
COOKE, Nancy J. et al.. Measuring team knowledge: A window to the cognitive
underpinnings of team performance. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and
Practice, v. 7, n. 3, p. 179, 2003. [GS Search]
iSys: Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação (iSys: Brazilian Journal of Information Systems)
http://seer.unirio.br/index.php/isys/
COOKE, Nancy J.; KIEKEL, Preston A.; HELM, Erin E. Measuring team knowledge
during skill acquisition of a complex task. International Journal of Cognitive
Ergonomics, v. 5, n. 3, p. 297-315, 2001. [GS Search]
CROWSTON, Kevin; KAMMERER, Ericka Eve . Coordination and collective mind in
software requirements development. IBM Systems Journal, v. 37, n. 2, p. 227-245,
1998. [GS Search]
DEMARRAIS, Kathleen. Qualitative interview studies: Learning through
experience. Foundations for research: Methods of inquiry in education and the social
sciences, v. 1, n. 1, p. 51-68, 2004.. [GS Search]
ENDSLEY, Mica R. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human
factors, v. 37, n. 1, p. 32-64, 1995. [GS Search]
ESPINOSA, J. Alberto et al. Team knowledge and coordination in geographically
distributed software development. Journal of management information systems, v. 24,
n. 1, p. 135-169, 2007. [GS Search]
FÆGRI, Tor Erlend; STRAY, Viktoria; MOE, Nils Brede. Shared Knowledge in Virtual
Software Teams: A Preliminary Framework. In: 2016 IEEE 11th International
Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE). IEEE, 2016. p. 174-178. [GS
Search]
FARAJ, Samer; SPROULL, Lee. Coordinating expertise in software development
teams. Management science, v. 46, n. 12, p. 1554-1568, 2000. [GS Search]
GLASER, Barney G.; STRAUSS, Anselm L.; STRUTZEL, Elizabeth. The discovery of
grounded theory; strategies for qualitative research. Nursing research, v. 17, n. 4, p.
364, 1968. [GS Search]
GUEST, Greg; NAMEY, Emily E.; MITCHELL, Marilyn L. Collecting qualitative data:
A field manual for applied research. Sage, 2012. [GS Search]
HE, Jun; BUTLER, Brian S.; KING, William R. Team cognition: Development and
evolution in software project teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, v.
24, n. 2, p. 261-292, 2007. [GS Search]
HSU, Jack Shih-Chieh et al. The impact of transactive memory systems on IS
development teams' coordination, communication, and performance. International
Journal of Project Management, v. 30, n. 3, p. 329-340, 2012. [GS Search]
KANAWATTANACHAI, Prasert; YOO, Youngjin. The impact of knowledge
coordination on virtual team performance over time. MIS quarterly, p. 783-808, 2007.
[GS Search]
KLIMOSKI, Richard; MOHAMMED, Susan. Team mental model: Construct or
metaphor?. Journal of management, v. 20, n. 2, p. 403-437, 1994. [GS Search]
KNIGHT, Don et al. Top management team diversity, group process, and strategic
consensus. Strategic Management Journal, p. 445-465, 1999.. [GS Search]
KOZLOWSKI, Steve WJ; ILGEN, Daniel R. Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups
and teams. Psychological science in the public interest, v. 7, n. 3, p. 77-124, 2006. [GS
Search]
iSys: Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação (iSys: Brazilian Journal of Information Systems)
http://seer.unirio.br/index.php/isys/
LENBERG, Per; FELDT, Robert. Psychological Safety and Norm Clarity in Software
Engineering Teams. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.01378, 2018. [GS Search]
LEVESQUE, Laurie L.; WILSON, Jeanne M.; WHOLEY, Douglas R. Cognitive
divergence and shared mental models in software development project teams. Journal
of Organizational Behavior, v. 22, n. 2, p. 135-144, 2001.. [GS Search]
LIM, Beng- Chong; KLEIN, Katherine J. Team mental models and team performance: A
field study of the effects of team mental model similarity and accuracy. Journal of
organizational behavior, v. 27, n. 4, p. 403-418, 2006. [GS Search]
LIN, Tung-Ching et al.. The impact of team knowledge on problem solving competence
in information systems development team. International Journal of Project
Management, v. 33, n. 8, p. 1692-1703, 2015. [GS Search]
MARKS, Abigail; LOCKYER, Cliff. Debugging the system: the impact of dispersion on
the identity of software team members. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, v. 16, n. 2, p. 219-237, 2005. [GS Search]
MARUPING, Likoebe M.; ZHANG, Xiaojun; VENKATESH, Viswanath. Role of
collective ownership and coding standards in coordinating expertise in software
project teams. European Journal of Information Systems, v. 18, n. 4, p. 355-371, 2009.
[GS Search]
MATHIEU, John E. et al. The influence of shared mental models on team process and
performance. Journal of applied psychology, v. 85, n. 2, p. 273, 2000. [GS Search]
MATHIEU, John et al. Team effectiveness 1997-2007: A review of recent advancements
and a glimpse into the future. Journal of management, v. 34, n. 3, p. 410-476, 2008.
[GS Search]
MCDONALD, David W.; ACKERMAN, Mark S. Just talk to me: a field study of
expertise location. In: Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer
supported cooperative work. ACM, 1998. p. 315-324. [GS Search]
Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research: a Guide to Design and Implementation. 2. ed.
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009. [GS Search]
MICHAELIS. Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 8 jun. 2017.
MOE, Nils Brede et al.. Enabling knowledge sharing in agile virtual teams. In: Global
Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2016 IEEE 11th International Conference on. IEEE,
2016. p. 29-33. [GS Search]
MOHAMMED, Susan; HAMILTON, Katherine; LIM, Audrey. The incorporation of
time in team research: Past, current, and future. Team effectiveness in complex
organizations: Cross-disciplinary perspectives and approaches, p. 321-348, 2009. [GS
Search]
MONAGHAN, Conal et al.. Performance of student software development teams: the
influence of personality and identifying as team members. European Journal of
Engineering Education, v. 40, n. 1, p. 52-67, 2015. [GS Search]
PEARCE, Craig L.; ENSLEY, Michael D. A reciprocal and longitudinal investigation of
the innovation process: The central role of shared vision in product and process
iSys: Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação (iSys: Brazilian Journal of Information Systems)
http://seer.unirio.br/index.php/isys/
innovation teams (PPITs). Journal of organizational Behavior, v. 25, n. 2, p. 259-278,
2004. [GS Search]
PRESTON, David; KARAHANNA, Elena. How to develop a shared vision: The key to
IS strategic alignment. MIS Quarterly Executive, v. 8, n. 1, 2009. [GS Search]
REN, Yuqing; ARGOTE, Linda. Transactive memory systems 1985–2010: An
integrative framework of key dimensions, antecedents, and consequences Academy of
Management Annals, v. 5, n. 1, p. 189-229, 2011. [GS Search]
RUNESON, Per; HÖST, Martin. Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study
research in software engineering. Empirical software engineering, v. 14, n. 2, p. 131,
2009. [GS Search]
SANTOS, Catarina Marques; UITDEWILLIGEN, Sjir; PASSOS, Ana Margarida. Why
is Your Team More Creative Than Mine? The Influence of Shared Mental Models on
Intra- group Conflict, Team Creativity and Effectiveness. Creativity and Innovation
Management, v. 24, n. 4, p. 645-658, 2015. [GS Search]
SEDANO, Todd; RALPH, Paul; PÉRAIRE, Cécile. Sustainable software development
through overlapping pair rotation. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE
International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement.
ACM, 2016. p. 19. [GS Search]
SHARMA, Monika; GHOSH, Anjali. Does team size matter? A study of the impact of
team size on the transactive memory system and performance of IT sector teams. South
Asian Journal of Management, v. 14, n. 4, p. 96, 2007. [GS Search]
STRAY, Viktoria; SJØBERG, Dag IK; DYBÅ, Tore. The daily stand-up meeting: A
grounded theory study. Journal of Systems and Software, v. 114, p. 101-124, 2016.
[GS Search]
SUNG, Sun Young; CHOI, Jin Nam. Effects of team knowledge management on the
creativity and financial performance of organizational teams. Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes, v. 118, n. 1, p. 4-13, 2012. [GS Search]
TEH, Alvin et al. Social psychology and software teams: Establishing task-effective
group norms. IEEE software, v. 29, n. 4, p. 53-58, 2012. [GS Search]
WILDMAN, Jessica L. et al. Team knowledge research: Emerging trends and critical
needs. Human Factors, v. 54, n. 1, p. 84-111, 2012. [GS Search]
WILDMAN, Jessica L.; SALAS, Eduardo; SCOTT, Charles PR. Measuring cognition in
teams: A cross-domain review. Human factors, v. 56, n. 5, p. 911-941, 2014. [GS
Search]
YANG, Hee-Dong; KANG, Hye-Ryun; MASON, Robert M. An exploratory study on
meta skills in software development teams: Antecedent cooperation skills and
personality for shared mental models. European Journal of Information Systems, v.
17, n. 1, p. 47-61, 2008. [GS Search]
YIN, Robert K. Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage
publications, 2017.
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Published
2020-04-24
How to Cite
Ribeiro, D. M., Cartaxo, B., & da Silva, F. Q. B. (2020). Exploring Team Knowledge in Software Engineering: A Multiple Case Study. ISys - Brazilian Journal of Information Systems, 12(4), 117–150. https://doi.org/10.5753/isys.2019.783
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