On the contributions of non-technical stakeholders to describing UX requirements by applying proto-persona
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/jserd.2019.155Keywords:
Non-technical stakeholder, Proto-personas, Requirement Engineering, UX RequerimentsAbstract
Context: Requirements elicitation is a software development phase that should investigate both functional and user experience (UX) requirements. Proto-persona is a technique that encourages the attention on the needs of a group of users. Usually, its elaboration is conducted by software specialists, technical stakeholders. However, non-technical stakeholders usually know more about target users and frequently do not take part in proto-persona elaboration. Objective: This work has the goal of investigating the contribution of non-technical stakeholders in the specification of UX requirements by using the proto-persona technique. For this, we explored the construction of the proto-personas and the use of these to the prototyping of solutions. Method: We carried out an empirical study in two rounds from which we analyzed and compared the contribution that technical and non-technical stakeholders had on the specification of UX requirements. In the first, 8 non-technical and 5 technical stakeholders built proto-personas. Afterwards, 18 pairs of software developers created low fidelity prototypes by using the information of proto-personas.~For the two rounds, we conducted a qualitative analysis exploring which UX requirements were described and used. Results: Our results revealed that both stakeholders have written up details of UX requirements on the artifact, however, throughout different and complementary perspectives. We also could observe that proto-personas produced by both were used on the prototyping activity. Conclusion: Our paper contributed to demonstrate that non-technical stakeholders were able to contribute to the specification of UX requirements and that proto-persona can boost such activity.
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References
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Fisher, R. A. (1922). On the interpretation of χ 2 from contingency tables, and the calculation of p. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 85(1):87–94.
Garcia, A., Silva da Silva, T., and Selbach Silveira, M. (2017). Artifacts for agile user-centered design: A systematic mapping. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017).
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Gomes, T. C. S., Falcão, T. P., and de Azevedo Restelli Tedesco, P. C. (2018). Exploring an approach based on digital games for teaching programming concepts to young children. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 16:77 – 84.
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Grudin, J. (2006). Why personas work: The psychological evidence. In The Persona Lifecycle, chapter 12, pages 642–663. Elsevier Inc.
Grudin, J. and Pruitt, J. (2002). Personas participatory design and product development: An infrastructure for engagement. In PDC’02, pages 144–152.
Hadar, I., Soffer, P., and Kenzi, K. (2014). The role of domain knowledge in requirements elicitation via interviews: An exploratory study. Requirements Engineering, 19(2):143–159.
Jansen, A., Van Mechelen, M., and Slegers, K. (2017). Personas and behavioral theories: A case study using selfdetermination theory to construct overweight personas. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 2127–2136. ACM.
Kashfi, P., Nilsson, A., and Feldt, R. (2017). Integrating user experience practices into software development processes: implications of the ux characteristics. PeerJ Computer Science, 3:e130.
Kortbeek, C. (2016). Interaction design for internal corporate tools.
Maceli, M. and Atwood, M. (2011). From human crafters to human factors to human actors and back again: Bridging the design time – use time divide. In End-User Development. IS-EUD 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 6654, pages 76–91. Springer.
Nielsen, J. (1995). 10 usability heuristics for user interface design. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/. Online; acessado em 12 de agosto de 2016.
Nielsen, J. and Norman, D. (2013). The Definition of User Experience.
Osborn, A. F. (1979). Applied imagination. NewYork: Scribner.
Palomares, C., Quer, C., and Franch, X. (2017). Requirements reuse and requirement patterns: a state of the practice survey. Empirical Software Engineering, 22(6):2719–2762.
Rogers, Y., Sharp, H., and Preece, J. (2015). Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons, United States, 4th edition.
Salman, I., Misirli, A. T., and Juristo, N. (2015). Are students representatives of professionals in software engineering experiments? In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering-Volume 1, pages 666–676. IEEE Press.
Sharma, S. and Pandey, S. K. (2014). Requirements elicitation: Issues and challenges. In 2014 International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pages 151–155.
Steinmacher, I., Conte, T. U., Treude, C., and Gerosa, M. A. (2015). Overcoming open source project entry barriers with a portal for newcomers. In ICSE ’16 Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 273–284, Austin, Estados Unidos.
Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, volume 4. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2 edition.
Winckler, M., Bach, C., and Bernhaupt, R. (2013). Identifying user experience dimensions for mobile incident reporting in urban contexts. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 56(2):97–119.
Alves, C. and Ali, R. (2018). A persona-based modelling for contextual requirements. In Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality: 24th International Working Conference, REFSQ 2018, Utrecht, The Netherlands, March 19-22, 2018, Proceedings, volume 10753, page 352. Springer.
Anvari, F., Richards, D., Hitchens, M., and Babar, M. A. (2015). Effectiveness of persona with personality traits on conceptual design. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering-Volume 2, pages 263–272, Florença, Itália. IEEE Press.
Aranda, A. M., Dieste, O., and Juristo, N. (2016). Effect of domain knowledge on elicitation effectiveness: An internally replicated controlled experiment. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 42(5):427–451.
Ardito, C., Costabile, M. F., Marsico, M. D., Lanzilotti, R., Levialdi, S., Roselli, T., and Rossano, V. (2006). An approach to usability evaluation of e-learning applications. Universal access in the information society, 4(3):270–283.
Berti, S., Paterno, F., and Santoro, C. (2004). Natural development of ubiquitous interfaces. Communications of the ACM, 47(9):63–64.
Bhattarai, R., Joyce, G., and Dutta, S. (2016). Information security application design: Understanding your users. In International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy, and Trust, pages 103–113. Springer.
Billestrup, J., Stage, J., Nielsen, L., and Hansen, K. S. (2014). Persona usage in software development: advantages and obstacles. In The Seventh International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, ACHI, pages 359–364, Barcelona, Espanha. Citeseer.
Brown, J. M., Lindgaard, G., and Biddle, R. (2011). Collaborative events and shared artefacts: Agile interaction designers and developers working toward common aims. In 2011 Agile Conference, pages 87–96.
Castro, J. W., Acuña, S. T., and Juristo, N. (2008). Integrating the personas technique into the requirements analysis activity. In 2008 Mexican International Conference on Computer Science, pages 104–112.
Chimalakonda, S. and Nori, K. V. (2013). What makes it hard to apply software product lines to educational technologies? In 4th International Workshop on Product LinE Approaches in Software Engineering.
Choma, J., Zaina, L. A. M., and Beraldo, D. (2016a). Userx story: Incorporating UX aspects into user stories elaboration. In Human-Computer Interaction. Theory, Design, Development and Practice - 18th International Conference, HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17-22, 2016. Proceedings, Part I, pages 131–140.
Choma, J., Zaina, L. A. M., and da Silva, T. S. (2016b). Softcoder approach: promoting software engineering academia-industry partnership using cmd, DSR and ESE. J. Software Eng. R&D, 4:8.
Clark, R. C. and Mayer, R. E. (2007). e-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning. Pfeiffer, 2nd edition.
Cooper, A., Reimann, R., and Cronin, D. (2014). About Face 2.0 The Essentials of Interaction Design. John Wiley & Sons Wiley.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. Management Information Systems Research Center, 13(3):319–340.
de la Vara, J. L., Wnuk, K., Svensson, R. B., Sanchez, J., and Regnell, B. (2011). An empirical study on the importance of quality requirements in industry. In 23rd International Conference Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, pages 438–443. SEKE.
Dias, G. A., da Silva, P. M., no Junior, J. B. D., and de Almeida, J. R. (2011). Technology acceptance model (tam): Avaliando a aceitação tecnológica do open journal systems (ojs). Informação & Sociedade, 21(2):133–149.
Dodero, J. M., García-Peñalvo, F.-J., González, C., MorenoGer, P., Redondo, M.-A., Sarasa-Cabezuelo, A., and Sierra, J.-L. (2014). Development of e-learning solutions: Different approaches, a common mission. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana De Tecnologias Del Aprendizaje, 9(5):72–80.
Easterbrook, S., Singer, J., Storey, M.-A., and Damian, D. (2008). Selecting empirical methods for software engineering research. In Guide to Advanced Empirical Software Engineering, chapter 11, pages 285–311. Springer.
Faily, S. (2008). Towards requirements engineering practice for professional end user developers: A case study. In Proceedings of the 2008 Requirements Engineering Education and Training, pages 38–44. IEEE.
Fernandez, D. M. and Wagner, S. (2015). Naming the pain in requirements engineering: A design for a global family of surveys and first results from germany. Information and Software Technology, 57(1):616–643.
Ferreira, B., Barbosa, S., and Conte, T. (2018a). Creating personas focused on representing potential requirements to support the design of applications. In Proceedings of the 17th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems, page 15. ACM. On the contributions of non-technical stakeholders to describing UX requirements by using proto-persona+ Pinheiro et al. 2019
Ferreira, B., Silva, W., Barbosa, S. D. J., and Conte, T. (2018b). Technique for representing requirements using personas: a controlled experiment. IET Software, 12(3):280–290.
Ferreira, B., Silva, W., Jr., E. A. O., and Conte, T. (2015). Designing personas with empathy map. In The 27th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, SEKE 2015, Wyndham Pittsburgh University Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, July 6-8, 2015, pages
501–505.
Filho, N. F. D. and Barbosa, E. F. (2013). A requirements catalog for mobile learning environments. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pages 1266–1271. ACM.
Fisher, R. A. (1922). On the interpretation of χ 2 from contingency tables, and the calculation of p. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 85(1):87–94.
Garcia, A., Silva da Silva, T., and Selbach Silveira, M. (2017). Artifacts for agile user-centered design: A systematic mapping. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017).
Garrett, J. J. (2010). The Elements of User Experience: UserCentered Design for the Web and Beyond. New Riders Publishing, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2nd edition.
Gomes, T. C. S., Falcão, T. P., and de Azevedo Restelli Tedesco, P. C. (2018). Exploring an approach based on digital games for teaching programming concepts to young children. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 16:77 – 84.
Gothelf, J. (2012). Using proto-personas for executive alignment. UXMagazine.
Gothelf, J. and Seiden, J. (2013). Lean UX: Applying Lean Principles to Improve User Experience. O’Reilly Media.
Grudin, J. (2006). Why personas work: The psychological evidence. In The Persona Lifecycle, chapter 12, pages 642–663. Elsevier Inc.
Grudin, J. and Pruitt, J. (2002). Personas participatory design and product development: An infrastructure for engagement. In PDC’02, pages 144–152.
Hadar, I., Soffer, P., and Kenzi, K. (2014). The role of domain knowledge in requirements elicitation via interviews: An exploratory study. Requirements Engineering, 19(2):143–159.
Jansen, A., Van Mechelen, M., and Slegers, K. (2017). Personas and behavioral theories: A case study using selfdetermination theory to construct overweight personas. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 2127–2136. ACM.
Kashfi, P., Nilsson, A., and Feldt, R. (2017). Integrating user experience practices into software development processes: implications of the ux characteristics. PeerJ Computer Science, 3:e130.
Kortbeek, C. (2016). Interaction design for internal corporate tools.
Maceli, M. and Atwood, M. (2011). From human crafters to human factors to human actors and back again: Bridging the design time – use time divide. In End-User Development. IS-EUD 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 6654, pages 76–91. Springer.
Nielsen, J. (1995). 10 usability heuristics for user interface design. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/. Online; acessado em 12 de agosto de 2016.
Nielsen, J. and Norman, D. (2013). The Definition of User Experience.
Osborn, A. F. (1979). Applied imagination. NewYork: Scribner.
Palomares, C., Quer, C., and Franch, X. (2017). Requirements reuse and requirement patterns: a state of the practice survey. Empirical Software Engineering, 22(6):2719–2762.
Rogers, Y., Sharp, H., and Preece, J. (2015). Interaction design: Beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley & Sons, United States, 4th edition.
Salman, I., Misirli, A. T., and Juristo, N. (2015). Are students representatives of professionals in software engineering experiments? In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering-Volume 1, pages 666–676. IEEE Press.
Sharma, S. and Pandey, S. K. (2014). Requirements elicitation: Issues and challenges. In 2014 International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pages 151–155.
Steinmacher, I., Conte, T. U., Treude, C., and Gerosa, M. A. (2015). Overcoming open source project entry barriers with a portal for newcomers. In ICSE ’16 Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 273–284, Austin, Estados Unidos.
Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, volume 4. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2 edition.
Winckler, M., Bach, C., and Bernhaupt, R. (2013). Identifying user experience dimensions for mobile incident reporting in urban contexts. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 56(2):97–119.
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Published
2019-12-21
How to Cite
Pinheiro, E. G., Lopes, L. A., Conte, T. U., & Zaina, L. A. M. (2019). On the contributions of non-technical stakeholders to describing UX requirements by applying proto-persona. Journal of Software Engineering Research and Development, 7, 8:1 – 8:19. https://doi.org/10.5753/jserd.2019.155
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Copyright (c) 2019 Eduardo G Pinheiro, Larissa A. Lopes, Tayana U. Conte, Luciana A M Zaina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
