Performance Analysis between Optimistic Rollups and Native Execution in EVM Blockchains
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/reic.2026.7243Keywords:
Blockchain, Ethereum, EVM, Optimistic Rollups, Layer 2, Gas Cost, CartesiAbstract
This paper presents a comparative performance analysis between optimistic rollups and native execution on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The study investigates differences in gas costs, evaluating the impact of Layer 2 solutions on Ethereum blockchain scalability. Experimental results provide insights into the trade-offs between traditional on-chain execution and optimistic rollups, contributing to the understanding of scalability strategies in blockchain environments.
Downloads
References
Alvarez, M. et al. (2024). BoLD: Fast and cheap dispute resolution. In 6th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT). Schloss Dagstuhl. DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2024.2.
Antonopoulos, A. M. and Wood, G. (2018). Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps. O’Reilly Media.
Buterin, V. (2014). A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. White Paper. Disponível em: [link].
Buterin, V. (2018). Layer 1 should be innovative in the short term but less in the long term. Ethereum Foundation Research. Disponível em: [link].
Buterin, V. (2020). A rollup-centric ethereum roadmap. Fellowship of Ethereum Magicians forum post. Disponível em: [link].
Buterin, V. (2021). An incomplete guide to rollups. Ethereum Foundation. Disponível em: [link].
Buterin, V. et al. (2019). EIP-1559: Fee Market Change for ETH 1.0 Chain. Disponível em: [link].
Canetti, R., Riva, B., and Rothblum, G. N. (2011). Practical delegation of computation using multiple servers. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, pages 445–454. DOI: 10.1145/2046707.2046759.
CoinGecko (2025). Ethereum (eth) historical price data. Disponível em: [link].
Dannen, C. (2017). Introducing Ethereum and Solidity. Apress. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4842-2535-6.
Etherscan (2025). Ethereum Average Gas Price Chart. Disponível em: [link].
Kalodner, H., Goldfeder, S., Chen, X., Weinberg, S. M., and Felten, E. W. (2018). Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts. In 27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18), pages 1353–1370, Baltimore, MD. USENIX Association. Disponível em: [link].
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. White Paper. Disponível em: [link].
Nehab, D. and Teixeira, A. (2022). Permissionless refereed tournaments. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2212.12439.
Teixeira, A., Nehab, D., dos Santos, M., et al. (2018). The core of cartesi. Technical report, Cartesi Foundation. White Paper. Disponível em: [link].
Vukolić, M. (2015). The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication. In Open Problems in Network Security. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39028-4_9.
Wood, G. et al. (2014). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper. Disponível em: [link].
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H.-N., Chen, X., and Wang, H. (2020). An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. IEEE International Congress on Big Data. DOI: 10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The authors

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
