Web Semántica y Educación Virtual: Euforia, Frustración y Nuevo Comienzo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/rbie.2024.3167Keywords:
Problemas de la educación virtual, Educación virtual, Entornos virtuales de aprendizaje, Sistemas de aprendizaje adaptativo, OntologíasAbstract
En la década de 1990 surgieron dos enfoques diferentes de la educación a distancia. El primero tuvo como objetivo crear sistemas capaces de adaptarse a las características de los estudiantes basados en teorías de aprendizaje y de instrucción, mientras que el segundo tuvo como objetivo facilitar la creación y gestión de cursos de educación a distancia, a través de la reutilización de materiales. Las tecnologías existentes en ese momento limitaban la creación de sistemas capaces de combinar los beneficios logrados por ambos grupos porque los sistemas adaptativos estaban limitados a un dominio de conocimiento específico y era necesario recrear casi todo para usarlo en un dominio diferente. Por otro lado, los sistemas capaces de trabajar con diferentes materias no eran capaces de adaptar automáticamente los contenidos a las necesidades de los estudiantes. La aparición de la Web Semántica, así como de los Objetos de Aprendizaje, llevó a los investigadores a desarrollar proyectos basados en esta tecnología para solucionar este problema. Finalmente, se podrían desarrollar cursos adaptativos y reutilizables basados en teorías del aprendizaje. Los metadatos para objetos de aprendizaje y otros estándares para la educación a distancia, así como ontologías sobre diferentes dominios de conocimiento, modelados de estudiantes y teorías de aprendizaje fueron las herramientas que faltaban para que los investigadores resolvieran el problema. A pesar de muchas investigaciones y varias publicaciones realizadas durante ese período, se observaron pocos resultados prácticos, frustrando no sólo a los estudiantes, sino también a los docentes y otros profesionales vinculados a la educación, al darse cuenta de que no se había alcanzado el nivel de autonomía del sistema que deseaban. Este artículo describe la euforia generada por la Web Semántica, los problemas relacionados con la ingeniería de ontologías que llevaron al período de frustración, así como el período actual, en el que se han retomado las investigaciones con objetivos menos ambiciosos. Finalmente, se presentan algunas consideraciones sobre el futuro de la educación basada en la Web Semántica.
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