A Model for the Interrelationship between Executive Functions and Elements of Digital Game
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5753/rbie.2020.28.0.596Keywords:
cognition, executive functions, digital games, mechanics, player-game interaction, game design, IcJJAbstract
Executive functions (EF) are high-level cognitive skills, composed of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. They enable the person to develop self-discipline, control and manage attention and behavior during objectives drive actions, such as when solving problems and challenges present in digital games (DG). The problems and challenges are outlined by game elements such as mechanics and actions (level design). Based on the results of a systematic review and a workshop both on EF and DG, from literature, it was possible to draw a relationship between DG mechanics and EF. At the same time, it was possible to draw a relationship between DG level design and EF. This paper not only identifies all sort of strategic of the mechanics and level design closely related to EF but also present an interrelationship of all three components, called the Game-Player Interaction Cognitive Model (IcJJ). The IcJJ involves the player's interaction with the DG, showing high-level cognitive attributes, through the relationship among 12 DG mechanics, 8 level design strategies and three EF components. IcJJ model can serves as a support for the exploration and analysis of the DG's cognitive potential, especially those applied in the educational context or as a reference for the development of serious DG, focused on EF.
Downloads
References
Anderson-Hanley, C., Barcelos, N. M., Zimmerman, E. A., Gillen, R. W., Dunnam, M., Cohen, B. D. & Maloney, M. (2018). The Aerobic and Cognitive Exercise Study (ACES) for community-dwelling older adults with or at-risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI): neuropsychological, neurobiological and neuroimaging outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Aaging Neuroscience, 10 (76). DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00076 [GS Search]
Arnab, S., Lim, T., Carvalho, M. B., Bellotti, F., De Freitas, S., Louchart, S., & De Gloria, A. (2015). Mapping learning and game mechanics for serious games analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46 (2), 391-411. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.12113 [GS Search]
Avila-Pesantez, D., Rivera, L. A., Vaca-Cardenas, L., Aguayo, S. & Zuñiga, L. (2018). Towards the improvement of ADHD children through augmented reality serious games: Preliminary results. In Global Engineering Education Conference, 843-848. DOI: 10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363318 [GS Search].
Baniqued, L., Allen, M., Kranz, M. B., Johnson, K., Sipolins, A., Dickens, C. & Kramer, A. F. (2015). Working memory, reasoning, and task switching training: transfer effects, limitations, and great expectations?. PLoS One, 10 (11). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142169 [GS Search]
Baranyi, R., Perndorfer, R., Lederer, N., Scholz, B. & Grechenig, T. (2016). My Daily Routine-a serious game to support people suffering from a cerebral dysfunction. In International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health, 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/SeGAH.2016.7586283 [GS Search]
Bott, W. R.; Kramer, A. F.; Simons, D.; Fabiani, M. & Gratton, G. (2008). The effects of vídeo game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychologic,129(3), 387-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.005 [GS Search]
Brandão, L. R. G. (2016). Doze elementos emergenciais provenientes da mecânica e do comportamento do jogador. In: XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital, São Paulo-SP, Brasil. [GS Search]
Burdea, G., Polistico, K., Krishnamoorthy, A., House, G., Rethage, D., Hundal, J. & Pollack, S. (2015). Feasibility study of the BrightBrainer™ integrative cognitive rehabilitation system for elderly with dementia. Disability and Rehabilitation:Assistive Technology, 10 (5), 421-32. DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2014.900575 [GS Search]
Chandler, H. M. (2009). Manual de Produção de Jogos Digitais. Bookman, Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil.
Clark, D. B.; Tanner-Smith, E. E. & Killingdworth, S. (2016). Digital games, design, and learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 79-122. DOI: 10.3102/0034654315582065 [GS Search]
Colonna, A., Smith, A. B., Smith, S., VanDenEshof, K., Orgill, J., Gringras, P. & Pal, D. K. (2018). The Effects of Sleep on Emotional Target Detection Performance: A Novel iPad-Based Pediatric Game. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(241). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00241 [GS Search]
Connolly, T. M., Boyle, E. A., MacArthur, E., Hainey, T., & Boyle, J. M. (2012). A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games and serious games. Computers and Education, 59(2), 661-686. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004 [GS Search]
Cox, K. K. & Bittencourt, R. A. (2017). Estudo bibliográfico sobre o processo de construção de jogos digitais: a necessidade de sinergia entre o educar e o divertir. Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação – RBIE, 25(1), 16-43. DOI: 10.5753/rbie.2017.25.01.16 [GS Search]
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Teoria do Flow, pesquisa e aplicações. ComCiência, 161. [GS Search]
Dantas, A. C.; Melo, S.; Neves, L.; Milessi, T. & Nascimento, M. Z. do. (2019). Michelzinho: jogo sério para o ensino de habilidades emocionais em pessoas com autismo ou deficiência intelectual. In Anais do XXX Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação-SBIE, Brasília-DF, Brasil. DOI: 10.5753/cbie.sbie.2019.644 [GS Search]
Dassen, F. C., Houben, K., Van Breukelen, G. J. & Jansen, A. (2018). Gamified working memory training in overweight individuals reduces food intake but not body weight. Appetite, 124, 89-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.009. [GS Search]
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64,135-168. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 [GS Search]
Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R. W. & Prins, P. J. (2015). Improving executive functioning in children with ADHD: Training multiple executive functions within the context of a computer game. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial. PloS One, 10 (4). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121651 [GS Search]
Dormans, J. (2012). Engineering Emergence: applied theory for de game design. Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P.& Sexton, H. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1428 [GS Search]
Engelhardt, C. R., Hilgard, J., & Bartholow, B. D. (2015). Acute exposure to difficult (but not violent) video games dysregulates cognitive control. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 85-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.089 [GS Search]
Flynn, R. M., Richert, R. A., Staiano, A. E., Wartella, E. & Calvert, S. L. (2014). Effects of exergame play on EF in children and adolescents at a summer camp for low income youth. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 4 (1). DOI: 10.5539/jedp.v4n1p209 [GS Search]
Gamito, P., Oliveira, J., Lopes, P., Morais, D., Brito, R., Cristóvão, S. & Rebelo, S. (2013). Executive functioning in addicts following health mobile cognitive stimulation: Evidence from alcohol and heroin patients. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare - ICST, 385-388. [GS Search]
Gazzaninga, M. S.; Ivry, R. B. & Mangun, G. R. (2006). Neurociência Cognitiva: a biologia da mente. Artmed, Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil.
Goldstein, A., Déry, N., Pilgrim, M., Ioan, M., & Becker, S. (2016). Stress and binge drinking: a toxic combination for the teenage brain. Neuropsychologia, 90, 251-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.035 [GS Search]
Gray, S., Robertson, J., & Rajendran, G. (2015). BrainQuest: an active smart phone game to enhance executive function. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children - ACM, 59-68. DOI: 10.1145/2771839.2771846 [GS Search]
Guimarães, P., Tourinho, A., Vieira, J. & Alves, L. (2016). Uma análise das possíveis contribuições do Gamebook guardiões da floresta para estimulação das funções executivas. In Anais do XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital. [GS Search]
Howard-Jones, P. A. (2014). Neuroscience and education: myths and messages. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 817-824. [GS Search]
Iuppa, N. & Borst, T. (2012). End-to-end Game Development: Creating Independent Serious Games and Simulations from Start to Finish. Routledge.
Katz, N. (2008). Neurociência, Reabilitação Cognitiva e Modelos de Intervenção Em Terapia Ocupacional. Grupo Gen-Livraria Santos Editora, Brasil.
Kayama, H., Okamoto, K., Nishiguchi, S., Yamada, M., Kuroda, T. & Aoyama, T. (2014). Effect of a Kinect-based exercise game on improving executive 73 cognitive performance in community-dwelling elderly: case control study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16 (2). [GS Search]
Kirsh, D. (2000). A few thoughts on cognitive overload. Intellectica, 1(30), 19-51. [GS Search]
Klein, R. M., Hassan, T., Wilson, G., Ishigami, Y. & Mulle, J. (2017). The AttentionTrip: A game-like tool for measuring the networks of attention. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 289, 99-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.008 [GS Search]
Krause K. K. G., Gasparini, I. & Hounsell, M. da S. (2018). Aplicações de jogos digitais nas funções executivas: um mapeamento sistemático da literatura. In: Proceedings of the XVII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, 54-62, Foz do Iguaçú-PR, Brasil. [GS Search]
Krause, K. K. G., Hounsell, M. da S. & Gasparini, I. (2019a). Construindo a relação entre funções executivas e mecânicas de jogos digitais. In Anais do XXX Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação, Brasília-DF, Brasil. DOI: 10.5753/cbie.sbie.2019.1082 [GS Search]
Krause, K. K. G., Hounsell, M. da S. & Gasparini, I. (2019b). O level design de jogos digitais para funções executivas: uma revisão da literatura. In: Proceedings of the XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, 235-243, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil. [GS Search]
Kretschmer, A., Altgassen, M., Rendell, P. G. & Bölte, S. (2014). Prospective memory in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Exploring effects of implementation intentions and retrospective memory load. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 3108-3118. DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.052 [GS Search]
Kuhn, D. (2006). Do cognitive changes accompany developments in the adolescent brain?. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 59-67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2006.t01-2-.x [GS Search]
Kühn, S., Berna, F., Lüdtke, T., Gallinat, J. & Moritz, S. (2018). Fighting depression: action video game play may reduce rumination and increase subjective and objective cognition in depressed patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(129). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00129 [GS Search]
Lazarin, L. V. & Cherobin, R. (2017). A relação entre o processo de tomada de decisão e level design. In Proceedings of the XVI Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, 1264-1267, Curitiba-PR, Brasil. [GS Search]
Leffa L.V. & Pinto, C. M. (2018). Aprendizagem como vício: o uso de games na sala de aula. Revista (Con) textos Linguísticos, 8(10), 358-378. [GS Search]
Li, B., Atyabi, A., Kim, M., Barney, E., Ahn, A. Y., Luo, Y. & Mademtzi, M. (2018). Social Influences on Executive Functioning in Autism: Design of a Mobile Gaming Platform. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI. DOI: 10.1145/3173574.3174017 [GS Search]
Liu, Q., Zhu, X., Ziegler, A., & Shi, J. (2015). The effects of inhibitory control training for preschoolers on reasoning ability and neural activity. Scientific Reports, 5. [GS Search]
Martínez-Pernía, D., Núñez-Huasaf, J., Del Blanco, Á., Ruiz-Tagle, A., Velásquez, J., Gomez, M. & Slachevsky, A. (2017). Using game authoring platforms to develop screen-based simulated functional assessments in persons with executive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 74, 71-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.08.012 [GS Search]
Mattar, J. (2010). Games em Educação: como os nativos digitais aprendem. Pearson Prentice Hall, São Paulo, Brasil.
McKenna, P., Lemon, O., Corley, M., Boa, D., & Rajendran, G. (2014). One step at a time: Multimodal interfaces and children's executive functioning. In 4th International Conference on Development and Learning and on Epigenetic Robotics - IEEE, 421-425. DOI: 10.1109/DEVLRN.2014.6983018 [GS Search]
Mondejar, T., Hervas, R., Johnson, E., Gutierrez, C. & Latorre, J. M. (2016). Correlation between videogame mechanics and executive functions through EEG analysis. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 63, 131-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2016.08.006 [GS Search]
Moreira, V. (2019). O perfil do jogador e as emoções no jogo. Acta Ludica-International Journal of Game Studies, 3(1), 7-35. [GS Search]
Mossann, J. B.; Reategui, E.; Barbosa, D.; Cardoso, C.; Fonseca, R. & Viana, M. (2016). Um exergame para estimulação de componentes das funções executivas em crianças do ensino fundamental In: XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital, São Paulo-SP, Brasil. [GS Search]
Nouwens, S., Groen, MA, & Verhoeven, L. (2016). How storage and executive functions contribute to children's reading comprehension. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 96-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.008 [GS Search]
Novak, J. (2010). Desenvolvimento de Games. Cengage Learning, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
Oei, A. C. & Patterson, M. D. (2014). Playing a puzzle video game with changing requirements improves executive funtions. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 216-228. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.046 [GS Search]
Paas, F.; Renkl, A. & Sweller, J. (2003). Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design: Recent Developments. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 1-4. DOI: 10.1207/S15326985EP3801_1 [GS Search]
Palaus, M., Marron, E. M., Viejo-Sobera, R., & Redolar-Ripoll, D. (2017). Neural basis of video gaming: A systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00248 [GS Search]
Parong, J., Mayer, R. E., Fiorella, L., MacNamara, A., Homer, B. D. & Plass, J. L. (2017). Learning executive function skills by playing focused video games. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 51, 141-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.07.002 [GS Search]
Powers, K. L., Brooks, P. J., Aldrich, N. J., Palladino, M. A., & Alfieri, L. (2013). Effects of video-game play on information processing: a meta-analytic investigation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(6), 1055-1079. [GS Search]
Prena, K., Reed, A., Weaver, A. J., & Newman, S. D. (2018). Game Mechanics Matter: Differences in Video Game Conditions Influence Memory Performance. Communication Research Reports, 35(3), 222-231. DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2018.1428545 [GS Search]
Rego, P.; Moreira, P. M. & Reis, L. P. (2010). Serious games for rehabilitation: A survey and a classification towards a taxonomy. In: 5th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, 1-6. [GS Search]
Salen, K. & Zimmerman, E. (2012). Regras do Jogo: Fundamentos do Design de Jogos: principais conceitos, vol. 1. Blucher, São Paulo, Brasil.
Schattin, A., Arner, R., Gennaro, F. & De Bruin, E. D. (2016). Adaptations of prefrontal brain activity, executive functions, and gait in healthy elderly following exergame and balance training: a randomized-controlled study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8(278). DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00278 [GS Search]
Schoene, D., et al (2015). Interactive cognitive-motor step training improves cognitive risk factors of falling in older adults–a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 10 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145161 [GS Search]
Shochat, G., Maoz, S., Stark-Inbar, A., Blumenfeld, B., Rand, D., Preminger, S. & Sacher, Y. (2017, June). Motion-based virtual reality cognitive training targeting executive functions in acquired brain injury community-dwelling individuals: A feasibility and initial efficacy pilot. In International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation – ICVR/IEEE, 1-8. [GS Search]
Smittenaar, P., Rutledge, R. B., Zeidman, P., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Lewis, G. & Dolan, R. J. (2015). Proactive and reactive response inhibition across the lifespan. PLoS One, 10(10). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140383 [GS Search]
Sweller, J. (2016). Working memory, long-term memory, and instructional design. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5(4), 360-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.12.002 [GS Search]
Tavares, R. (2009). Fundamentos de game design para educadores e não especialistas. In: Santaella, L. & Feitoza, M. (org). Mapa do Jogo: a diversidade cultural dos games. Cengage Learning, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
Tost, D., Pazzi, S., von Barnekow, A., Felix, E., Puricelli, S. & Bottiroli, S. (2014). SmartAgeing: a 3D serious game for early detection of mild cognitive impairments. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcar - ICST, 294-297. DOI: 10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.255334 [GS Search]
Vallejo, V., Wyss, P., Rampa, L., Mitache, A. V., Müri, R. M., Mosimann, U. P. & Nef, T. (2017). Evaluation of a novel Serious Game based assessment tool for patients with Alzheimer’s disease. PloS One, 12(5). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175999 [GS Search]
Westera, W. et al .(2008). Serious games for higher education: a framework for reducing design complexity. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(5), 420- 432. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00279.x [GS Search]
Yeh, C. W., Cherng, R. J., & Chen, J. Y. (2013). The effect of visuospatial working memory training in elders: Development and application of a brain fitness software. In 1st International Conference on Orange Technologies, 270- 273. DOI: 10.1109/ICOT.2013.6521210 [GS Search]
Zelazo, P. D., Blair, C. B. & Willoughby, M. T. (2016). Executive Function: Implications for Education. NCER 2017-2000. National Center for Education Research. [GS Search]
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Katiane Kazuza Gneipel Krause, Marcelo da Silva Hounsell, Isabela Gasparini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
